Difference between revisions of "Logical fallacies/Page 1"

Revision as of 20:41, 29 September 2005

This article is a draft. FairMormon editors are currently editing it. We welcome your suggestions on improving the content.

1 Ad hominem (also called argumentum ad hominem or personal attack)
- 1.1 ad hominem abusive (also called argumentum ad personam)
- 1.2 ad hominem circumstantial (also called ad hominem circumstantiae)
- 1.3 ad hominem tu quoque (also called you too argument)
2 Amphibology (also called amphiboly)
3 Appeal to authority (also called argumentum ad verecundiam or argument by authority)
- 3.1 Variations on this fallacy
4 Appeal to belief
5 Appeal to consequences (also called argumentum ad consequentiam)
6 Appeal to emotion
- 6.1 Appeal to fear (also called argumentum ad metum or argumentum in terrorem)
- 6.2 Appeal to flattery
- 6.3 Appeal to the majority (also called argumentum ad populum)
- 6.4 Appeal to pity (also called argumentum ad misericordiam)
- 6.5 Appeal to ridicule
- 6.6 Appeal to spite (also called argumentum ad odium)
- 6.7 Two wrongs make a right
- 6.8 Wishful thinking
7 Appeal to motive
8 Appeal to novelty (also called argumentum ad novitatem)
9 Appeal to probability
10 Appeal to tradition (also called argumentum ad antiquitatem or appeal to common practice)
11 Argument from fallacy (also called argumentum ad logicam)
12 Argument from ignorance (also called argumentum ad ignorantiam or argument by lack of imagination)
13 Argument from silence (also called argumentum ex silentio)
14 Argumentum ad baculum (also called appeal to force)
15 Argumentum ad crumenam (also called appeal to wealth)
16 Argumentum ad lazarum (also called appeal to poverty)
17 Argumentum ad nauseam (also called argument from repetition)
18 Argumentum ad numerum
19 Bandwagon fallacy (also called appeal to popularity, appeal to the people, or argumentum ad populum)
20 Base rate fallacy
21 Begging the question (also called petitio principii, circular argument or circular reasoning)
22 Cartesian fallacy
23 Conjunction fallacy
24 Correlative based fallacies
- 24.1 Fallacy of many questions (also called complex question, fallacy of presupposition, loaded question or plurium interrogationum)
- 24.2 False dilemma (also called false dichotomy or bifurcation)
- 24.3 Denying the correlative
- 24.4 Suppressed correlative
25 Dicto simpliciter
- 25.1 Accident (also called a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid)
- 25.2 Converse accident (also called a dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter)
26 Equivocation
27 False analogy
28 False premise
29 False compromise
30 Fallacies of distribution:
- 30.1 Composition
- 30.2 Division
- 30.3 Ecological fallacy
31 Faulty generalization
- 31.1 Biased sample
- 31.2 Hasty generalization
- 31.3 Overwhelming exception
- 31.4 Statistical special pleading
32 Gambler's fallacy
33 Genetic fallacy
34 Guilt by association
35 Historian's fallacy
36 Homunculus fallacy
37 Ideology over reality
38 Inverse gambler's fallacy
39 If-by-whiskey (argues both sides)
40 Judgemental language
41 Ignoratio elenchi (also called irrelevant conclusion)
42 Inappropriate interpretations or applications of statistics
- 42.1 Biased sample
- 42.2 Correlation implies causation
- 42.3 Gambler's fallacy
- 42.4 Prosecutor's fallacy
- 42.5 Screening test fallacy
43 Intentional fallacy
44 Invalid proof
45 Lump of labour fallacy (also called the fallacy of labour scarcity)
46 Meaningless statement
47 Middle ground (also called argumentum ad temperantiam)
48 Misleading vividness
49 Naturalistic fallacy
50 Negative proof
51 Non sequitur
- 51.1 Affirming the consequent
- 51.2 Denying the antecedent
52 No true Scotsman
53 Package deal fallacy
54 Pathetic fallacy
55 Perfect solution fallacy
56 Poisoning the well
57 Proof by verbosity
58 Questionable cause (also called non causa pro causa)
- 58.1 Correlation implies causation (also called cum hoc ergo propter hoc)
- 58.2 Fallacy of the single cause
- 58.3 Joint effect
- 58.4 Post hoc (also called post hoc ergo propter hoc)
- 58.5 Regression fallacy
- 58.6 Texas sharpshooter fallacy
- 58.7 Wrong direction
59 Red herring (also called irrelevant conclusion)
60 Reification (also called hypostatization)
61 Relativist fallacy (also called subjectivist fallacy)
62 Retrospective determinism (it happened so it was bound to)
63 Shifting the Burden of proof
64 Slippery slope
65 Special pleading
66 Straw man
67 Style over substance fallacy
68 Syllogistic fallacies
- 68.1 Affirming a disjunct
- 68.2 Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
- 68.3 Existential fallacy
- 68.4 Fallacy of exclusive premises
- 68.5 Fallacy of four terms (also called quaternio terminorum)
- 68.6 Fallacy of the undistributed middle
- 68.7 Illicit major
- 68.8 Illicit minor
69 Further reading
- 69.1 External links

Ad hominem (also called argumentum ad hominem or personal attack)

Wikipedia entry

ad hominem abusive (also called argumentum ad personam)

Wikipedia entry

Argument: This fallacy is one of the most commonly used, and has been used since the earliest days of the Church to discredit Joseph Smith. Joseph was often the target of such efforts; many of the early anti-Mormon "affidavits" against Joseph and his family (charging them with laziness, corruption, 'money-digging', immoral life, and the like) were designed to attack the messengers because the message was unpalatable.
Rebuttal: Brigham Young encountered such tactics frequently, and his response is appropriate:

I recollect a conversation I had with a priest who was an old friend of ours, before I ws personally acquainted with the Prophet Joseph. I clipped every argument he advanced, until at last he came out and began to rail against "Joe Smith," saying, "that he was a mean man, a liar, moneydigger, gambler, and a whore-master;" and he charged him with everything bad, that he could find language to utter. I said, hold on, brother Gillmore, here is the doctrine, here is the Bible, the Book of Mormon, and the revelations that have come through Joseph Smith the Prophet. I have never seen him, and do not know his private character. The doctrine he teaches is all I know about the matter, bring anything against that if you can. As to anything else I do not care. If he acts like a devil, he has brought forth a doctrine that will save us, if we will abide it. He may get drunk every day of his life, sleep with his neighbor's wife every night, run horses and gamble, I do not care anything about that, for I never embrace any man in my faith. But the doctrine he has produced will save you and me, and the whole world; and if you can find fault with that, find it.

—Brigham Young, "The Gospel Like a Net Cast Into the Sea, Etc.," Journal of Discourses, reported by G.D. Watt 9 November 1856, Vol. 4 (London: Latter-Day Saint's Book Depot, 1857), 77–78.

See also:

ad hominem circumstantial (also called ad hominem circumstantiae)

Wikipedia entry

Argument: This fallacy argues that a person makes an argument because of his circumstances. "Well, of course a Mormon would make that argument, since they can't bear to admit their faith might be wrong." Appeals to cognitive dissonance as a non-explanation often fall into this category.
Rebuttal: A person may well have many motivations for making an argument. However, one must confront the argument itself. Critics attempt to use this tactic to dismiss anything a member of the Church has to say about a topic. With members excluded, only non-Mormon (or anti-Mormon) authors have any 'credibility.' Note too that the same fallacious argument can be turned back on any critic—the critic is not a member, and so may have a vested interested in disproving a religion that makes uncompromising truth claims, calls on them to repent, etc. Thus, the argument is impotent in any case, since it can be applied with equal force to both sides.

See also:

ad hominem tu quoque (also called you too argument)

Wikipedia entry

Argument: This fallacy argues that "because you are guilty of the same thing of which you are accusing me, your accusation is meritless.

A common example is for critics to respond to charges that they have used dishonest or inaccurate footnotes by pointing out that some of Hugh Nibley's footnotes were inaccurate.

Rebuttal: One might be a hypocrite for criticizing someone for something of which one is guilty, but this does not make the claim any less true. If one murderer tells another murderer he is a killer, this does not make the claim untrue. Nibley's footnotes being inaccurate are irrelevent to the question of whether the critic has used misleading footnotes. Even if every Nibley footnote is wrong, this does not excuse the critic from his own mistakes. (Note that an attack on Nibley's footnotes might be appropriate if the apologist was citing an inaccurate Nibley footnote as evidence for a position.)
See also:
- Two wrongs make a right

Amphibology (also called amphiboly)

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Appeal to authority (also called argumentum ad verecundiam or argument by authority)

Wikipedia entry

This fallacy relies on a report of what someone (e.g. a scholar) or something (e.g. a sacred text like the Bible) says about a topic, rather than considering the evidence (if any) upon which such opinions may be based.

Argument: The Smithsonian insitute says that the Book of Mormon has nothing to do with ancient America. Therefore, the Book of Mormon is not an ancient work.
Rebuttal: While the Smithsonian doubtless has experts on the subject of ancient America, it is not necessarily clear that those experts have taken the Book of Mormon and its evidences seriously. A much more persuasive argument would be for a Smithsonian expert to examine the evidence advanced by Book of Mormon proponents, and explain why it does or does not integrate with what is known about ancient America.

Especially in highly technical fields, a referral to what authorities think about a topic may be a good gauge of what the evidence currently tells us; however, in case of disagreement it is much better to consider the primary evidence itself.

See also:
- Appeal to belief

Variations on this fallacy

The authority cited is not an expert in this field - e.g. A Biblical scholar might be very knowledgeable in his own field, but know relatively little about the Book of Mormon.
An authority is miscited or misunderstood - e.g. LDS prophets are experts on LDS doctrine, but the critic may have misrepresented their position. See Selective or Distorted Quotation
The extent of the authority is not appreciated - e.g. LDS prophets are experts, but they are not considered infallible. Their statements are not doctrinally binding unless ratified by the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve. See General Authorities' Statements as Scripture
The authority may be biased - e.g. an atheist may be predisposed to disregard any evidence which would suggest that Joseph Smith saw God. Likewise, a Mormon might be predisposed to overlook evidence which questioned Joseph's truthfulness.
The authority might not represent his field - e.g. Citing a general authority who was later disciplined or excommunicated is not an honest way to reflect the 'consensus' of LDS belief.
An anonymous authority is cited - e.g. ("studies show...", "it has been demonstrated," "a source at Church headquarters who wishes to remain unnamed," "a friend of mine," etc.) By refusing to identify the authority, the speaker makes it impossible for the audience to verify the authority's credentials, assess bias, determine which evidence was used in forming the opinion, verify how accurately the authority has been cited, or even decide if the authority exists at all. (For example, during the Mark Hofmann forgery incident, Hoffman gave anonymous tips to the media about a non-existant "Oliver Cowdery History" which he claimed was in the Church vault.)

Appeal to belief

Wikipedia entry

In apologetics, this might also be called the appeal to unbelief. It asserts that something must be true simply because most people (including, perhaps, the reader) believes it.

Argument: "Everyone knows God doesn't speak to man"; "all Christians accept that the Bible canon is closed"; "everyone knows religious people are deluded."
Rebuttal: History is full of ideas which were once believed by nearly everyone (e.g. the sun orbits the earth, bleeding the sick with leeches will help them get better) and which are now known to be false.
See also:
- Appeal to authority - the 'authoirty' in this case is 'public opinion' or 'everyone'
- Cognitive dissonance
- Appeal to tradition

Appeal to consequences (also called argumentum ad consequentiam)

Wikipedia entry

This fallacy argues that because of the negative consequences of accepting a premise, the premise must therefore be false.

Argument: "Being a member of the Mormon Church caused negative consequence X in my life. Therefore, I should not have been a member, and the Church is false."
Rebuttal: Some truths may be unpleasant, but do not cease to be true simply because the consequences of their truth are not desired. (e.g. Just because it would destroy everything if I own if my house burned down, it does not therefore follow that my house is not on fire.)
See also:

Appeal to emotion

Wikipedia entry

See also:
- Appeal to poverty
- Appeal to wealth

These fallcies appeal to the emotion, rather than the reason, of the audience.

Appeal to fear (also called argumentum ad metum or argumentum in terrorem)

Wikipedia entry

This fallcy plays on the fears or biases of the audience.

Argument: Mormons will not be saved, because they do not accept my conception of Jesus.
Rebuttal: Of not being saved should not press us to accept someone's conception of Jesus unless that conception strikes us as truthful emotionally, logically, and spiritually.

See also:
- XXXXX

Appeal to flattery

Wikipedia entry

This approach appeals the audience's vanity.

Argument: "Only those who are intellectually and emotionally honest can 'face the truth' about Mormonism." (And, by implication, if one disagrees with the speaker's version of truth, one is not emotionally or intellectually honest.)
Rebuttal: The acceptance of the speaker's position is the point at issue. If their position is false, then it is neither intellectually or emotionally honest to agree with them. This is often a form of begging the question.
See also:
- ad hominem

Appeal to the majority (also called argumentum ad populum)

See Appeal to belief

Appeal to pity (also called argumentum ad misericordiam)

Wikipedia entry

This tactic plays on the audience's sympathies.

Argument: "We can't reject Joseph Smith's claims, because the pioneers suffered so much for it."
Rebuttal: People can suffer for a false cause; the energy and effort dedicated to something is not evidence for its truthfulness.
See also:
- XXXXX

Appeal to ridicule

Wikipedia entry

This tactic (mis)states an opponent's beliefs in a way that distorts them, and makes them appear ridiculous. The audience will then conclude that something so foolish cannot be defended.

This is a favorite tactic of the anti-Mormon industry; their characterizations of LDS belief and doctrine are seldom complete.

Argument:
- "Mormons believe they will be gods and rule their own planets."
- "Mormons think God talks to farmboys."
- "[Y]ou don't get books from angels and translate them by miracles; it is just that simple."
  - Sterling M. McMurrin, "An Interview with Sterling M. McMurrin," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 17 (Spring 1984): 18-43.
- The golden plates were conveniently taken back by the angel so no one could have the trouble to examine them!"

Rebuttal: To understand a belief or argument, it is always best to let a believer or proponent of an argument explain it. Any belief or idea can be made to appear ridiculous with loaded language or misleading characterizations—this is especially true of an idea that is new to an audience.
See also:
- Straw man
- The God Makers

Appeal to spite (also called argumentum ad odium)

Wikipedia entry

This fallacy presents the audience with the opportunity to get some sort of 'revenge' by agreeing with the speaker. The poor quality of reasoning often seen on some anti-Mormon message boards and chat rooms is an excellent example of this fallacy at work: the participants are hurt and angry about the Church for a variety of reasons, and so will not dispute anything negative which someone might have to say about the Church or a Church member, even if libelous or absurd.

Argument: "Church leaders betrayed you, so they routinely plan to deceive and control people."
Rebuttal: Even if someone did something hurtful or wrong, it does not follow that everything they do is hurtful or wrong, or that the present argument against them is accurate. Hitler was a moral monster, but it does not then follow that he was also a cannibal.
See also:
- ad hominem

Two wrongs make a right

Wikipedia entry

Argument: The LDS committed some (real or imagined) wrong, therefore a dishonest or inappropriate tactic on the critics' part is held to be not serious. Critics who believe that the Church is a Satanic organization, or a brand of false religion often accept the rationale that "the end justifies the means" or that "lying for Jesus" is acceptable.
Rebuttal: Whatever the Mormons' faults or errors, dishonest debating or polemnics do not help in the search for truth. They also ill-become those who claim to be Christians.

See also
- Quote mining, selective quotation, and distortion
- ad hominem tu quoque

Wishful thinking

Wikipedia entry’’

This fallacy asserts what the audience hopes or wishes were true. Their desire to believe leaves them content to avoid examining the evidence too closely.

Argument: "There is no evidence that the Book of Mormon is an ancient volume."
Rebuttal: There is, in fact, a great deal of such evidence. One must examine and rebut it, not simply make blanket claims.
See also:
- XXXXX

Appeal to motive

Wikipedia Link

This fallacy seeks to discredit an opponent by questioning his/her motives. Sometimes it is merely suggested that motive is possible without demonstrating its reality.

Argument: "Apologists aren't worth listening to, because they are Mormons."; "Brigham Young's opinion on Joseph Smith's character cannot be trusted, because Brigham was an apostle and utterly committed to Mormonism."
Rebuttal: The quality of an argument does not depend on who makes it.

Note that any argument along these lines used against a member of the Church can also be used against any critic of the Church, who may have motives for disagreeing with the Church that have a religious or personal basis. This is why only the facts should be considered.

See also:
- Ad hominem

Appeal to novelty (also called argumentum ad novitatem)

Wikipedia entry

The fallacy argues that because an idea or product is new, it is therefore superior to what has gone before.

Argument: "My book on Joseph Smith is based on the latest published work. My account of his life and actions is therefore more reliable than the worn accounts of yesteryear."
Rebuttal: The novelty of an idea is no gauge of its accuracy. We are accustomed to things constantly 'improving' in science and technology, but this is not a fixed rule. One must judge the evidence upon which a "new" interpretation is based.
See also:
- Appeal to tradition

Appeal to probability

Wikipedia entry

This fallacy assumes that because something is theoretically possible is therefore inevitably true.

Argument: "A shot was fired at Joseph Smith's house when he was a young man. It's possible that this was from an angry father of a girl he had dishonored, so this is one more piece of evidence that Joseph may have been a rake."
Rebuttal: Virtually any scenario can be said to be possible on some level. Those who make arguments about history can often get away with such statements, by couching them in the knowledge of "it may be," "perhaps," "we might conclude," etc. Weasel words are often a warning that the author is engaging in this fallacy.
See also:
- XXXXX

Appeal to tradition (also called argumentum ad antiquitatem or appeal to common practice)

Wikipedia entry

This fallacy presumes that an older idea is better than a new one.

Argument: "Christians have believed in the Nicene Creed for nearly two thousand years!"
Rebuttal: Old ideas are not necessarily true: many false ideas have been believed foe millenia. (e.g. Most human cultures have believed that the stars can foretell or control human destiny, and that astrology can reveal these matters.)
See also:
- Appeal to belief
- Appeal to novelty

Argument from fallacy (also called argumentum ad logicam)

Wikipedia entry

This argument assumes that because an argument advanced for an idea is false, the idea itself must be false.

Argument: "I have shown that FAIR's paper on Book of Mormon evidences contains false conclusions. Therefore, the Book of Mormon is a fraud."; "The missionaries couldn't answer the questions I threw at them; therefore the Church must not be true."
Rebuttal: A bad argument for a position does not mean that good arguments do not exist. Scholarship is an on-going investigation and discussion, and one expects to have to change at least some of one's conclusions. Proving a supporting argument wrong does not, however, relieve a critic of the necessity of providing supporting evidence for their own position.
See also:
- XXXXX

Argument from ignorance (also called argumentum ad ignorantiam or argument by lack of imagination)

Wikipedia entry

This fallacy argues that because someone (usually the speaker and audience, but sometimes the proponent) cannot explain something, it did not happen. Or, because the speaker cannot imagine how something could be, it therefore cannot be.

Argument: "If you can't prove to me exactly what a spiritual witness is, spiritual witnesses don't exist--they're just effects of your mind."; "My bishop couldn't answer my questions about Church history, therefore there are no good answers and the Church has been hiding this from me!"
Rebuttal:
- Not being able to explain something does not prove its nonexistence. Science is a process by which things which have not been explained become explained. If it were not possible for things to be true that are unexplained, science could not progress in knowledge.
- It is unreasonable to expect every person to be able to explain every issue, in or out of the Church. One should rather evaluate the answers of those who claim to have answers, rather than claiming that no response from someone means that there is no response anywhere.
- Very often, there is an explanation for a perplexing issue. (Part of FAIR's role is to provide such explanations.) However, critics are often not interested in understanding things from an LDS point of view, and so they do not have the background to see how a thoughtful member of the Church might resolve something they consider 'impossible' to resolve.

See also:
- XXXXX

Argument from silence (also called argumentum ex silentio)

Wikipedia entry

This argument has a legitimate and illegitimate form. The proper form occurs when a person claims to have certain information, but consistently fails to produce it.

Proper Argument:"You claimed you had a good explanation for apologetic argument X. You have failed to produce that argument or point me to a resource which could provide it. It is therefore fair to conclude that you do not have such an explanation, since there is nothing which should prevent you from providing it."

The fallacious use of this argument occurs when one concludes that any silence must represent an admission of guilt, or an admission of ignorance.

Argument: "He refused to testify in court, therefore he must be guilty."
Rebuttal: Another reason for failure to testify might have been that the accused has a constitutional right not to testify if the defense feels it will help his case. This cannot lead to a presumption of guilt.

Argument: "The Church has not responded to my claims; they must therefore have no answers and my charges must be true."
Rebuttal: The Church might not reply because they have no answer. Or, they might have institutional reasons for not replying, since doing so distracts them from work they consider more important. Or, they may not be aware of a person's charges. Or, a reply might have been given by others which the speaker is choosing to ignore.

Argument: "You will not tell me about x, connected with the temple, therefore my charges are true."
Rebuttal: There are some things (including, but not limited to, temple worship) which the LDS consider too sacred to discuss. They may prefer silence to having cherished beliefs mocked or exposed to public debate.

See also:
- XXXXX

Argumentum ad baculum (also called appeal to force)

Wikipedia entry

This fallacy appeals to the threat of force.

Argument: "Convert or die!"; "Don't be baptized a Mormon or you're out of the will!"
Rebuttal: Threat of force says nothing about truthfulness. Indeed, resorting to force may suggest (but not prove) that one has no better arguments to make.
See also:
- XXXXX

Argumentum ad crumenam (also called appeal to wealth)

Wikipedia entry

This fallacy argues that a claim is true because the subject is wealthy. By converse, it may argue that being poor is morally suspect, and thus a poor target is argued against.

Argument: "This book must be accurate, it has sold more copies than any other on the topic!"
Rebuttal: Wealth may be fairly or ill-gotten, regardless of truth or falsehood. This is often another form of the argument from the majority or popularity, since financial success may be the product of popularity (e.g. the book sold very well) or the cause of it (e.g. society tends to favor and fawn on the rich).
See also:
- Appeal to emotion
- Appeal to poverty

Argumentum ad lazarum (also called appeal to poverty)

Wikipedia entry

This fallacy argues that a claim is true because the subject is poor. By converse, it may argue that wealth is morally suspect, and thus a rich target is argued against.

Argument: "The Church is a billion-dollar corporation, and can't be trusted."
Rebuttal: There was a time when the Church was poor. Does this mean that it should have been trusted then, but cannot be trusted now because it has money?
See also:
- Appeal to emotion
- Appeal to wealth

Argumentum ad nauseam (also called argument from repetition)

Wikipedia entry

This fallacy tries to support its position by repeating the same claims over and over again. It is another favorite of the anti-Mormon industry.

Argument: "Mormons aren't Christians"; "There cannot be scripture outside the Bible".
Rebuttal: A false statement is false, whether uttered once or a thousand times. This seems clear when stated like this, but political propagandists have long understood that a relatively simple message, repeated over and over again, will eventually be accepted as true by a large portion of the audience. The "talking points" of modern spin doctors is a good example of this technique in action.
See also:
- XXXXX

Argumentum ad numerum

Wikipedia entry

This fallacy argues that if a large number of people believe something, it must be true.

See:

Bandwagon fallacy (also called appeal to popularity, appeal to the people, or argumentum ad populum)

Wikipedia entry

'See:

Base rate fallacy

Wikipedia entry

Argument:
Rebuttal:
See also:

Begging the question (also called petitio principii, circular argument or circular reasoning)

Wikipedia entry

This fallacy assumes, as part of the argument, that which the argument is intended to prove.

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- Fallacy of many questions

Cartesian fallacy

Wikipedia entry

This fallacy describes those who assume (without proving) that the mind is completely seperate from the body.

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Conjunction fallacy

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Correlative based fallacies

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Fallacy of many questions (also called complex question, fallacy of presupposition, loaded question or plurium interrogationum)

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- Begging the question

False dilemma (also called false dichotomy or bifurcation)

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Denying the correlative

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Suppressed correlative

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Dicto simpliciter

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Accident (also called a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid)

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Converse accident (also called a dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter)

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Equivocation

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

False analogy

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

False premise

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

False compromise

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Fallacies of distribution:

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Composition

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Division

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Ecological fallacy

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Faulty generalization

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Biased sample

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Hasty generalization

(Also called fallacy of insufficient statistics, fallacy of insufficient sample, fallacy of the lonely fact, leaping to a conclusion, hasty induction, secundum quid)

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Overwhelming exception

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Statistical special pleading

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Gambler's fallacy

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Genetic fallacy

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Guilt by association

See also:
- Ad hominem

Historian's fallacy

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Homunculus fallacy

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Ideology over reality

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Inverse gambler's fallacy

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

If-by-whiskey (argues both sides)

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Judgemental language

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Ignoratio elenchi (also called irrelevant conclusion)

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Inappropriate interpretations or applications of statistics

Biased sample

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Correlation implies causation

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Gambler's fallacy

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Prosecutor's fallacy

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Screening test fallacy

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Intentional fallacy

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Invalid proof

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Lump of labour fallacy (also called the fallacy of labour scarcity)

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Meaningless statement

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Middle ground (also called argumentum ad temperantiam)

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Misleading vividness

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Naturalistic fallacy

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Negative proof

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Non sequitur

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Affirming the consequent

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Denying the antecedent

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

No true Scotsman

Wikipedia entry

Some enemies of the Church define 'Christian' in such a way as to exclude the LDS.

Argument: Latter-day Saints are not Christian because they do not believe in the Trinity.
Rebuttal: "Christians" are not defined as those who accept the Trinity, but rather as those who accept Jesus as Son of God and Savior. Since LDS do accept this, they are "Christians," just not "Trinitarian Christians." In other words, "Trinitarian" does not equal "Christian."
See also:
- Ad hominem
- Package deal fallacy

Package deal fallacy

Wikipedia entry

This fallacy assumes that traits or things which are often grouped together must go together.

Argument: "Mormons do not believe in creatio ex nihilo therefore they aren't Christians."
Rebuttal: While many or most Christians may believe in creatio ex nihilo, this is not necessarily what makes one a Christian. A Christian is one who worships Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior.
See also:
- No true Scotsman

Pathetic fallacy

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Perfect solution fallacy

Wikipedia entry

Argument: XXXX
Rebuttal: XXXXX
See also:
- XXXXX

Poisoning the well

Wikipedia entry

This fallacy attempts to discredit a person before their arguments are even heard.

Argument: "Nothing that anyone who publishes with FAIR or FARMS can be believed, because they are "apologists," and so inherently untrustworthy."
Rebuttal: An "apologist" may have a very good argument or a very bad one. One is only intellectually honest if he/she is willing to consider the argument on its own merits regardless of who raised it. This tactic is used to avoid confronting arguments with which the critic does not wish to deal. All authors have biases; "apologists" are at least up front about theirs, while critics try to play the role of disinterested 'seekers of truth,' though they are as much "apologists" for their own position.